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Subluxation: Injury to the muscles and ligaments in the spine can cause the vertebrae to partially dislocate, which can also damage the spinal cord. Fracture-dislocation: Severe ligament or soft tissue damage can cause a fracture or dislocation of the vertebrae. This can lead to damage of the spinal cord. Synovial membranes are a type of connective tissue membrane that supports mobility in joints. The membrane lines the joint cavity and contains fibroblasts that produce hyaluronan, which leads to the production of synovial fluid, a natural lubricant that enables the bones of a joint to move freely against one another. A serous membrane lines the cavities of the body that do not open to the external environment. Serous fluid secreted by the cells of the epithelium lubricates the membrane and reduces abrasion and friction between organs. Serous membranes are identified according to location. Three serous membranes are found lining the thoracic cavity; two membranes that cover the lungs (pleura) and one membrane that covers the heart (pericardium). A fourth serous membrane, the peritoneum, lines the peritoneal cavity, covering the abdominal organs and forming double sheets of mesenteries that suspend many of the digestive organs.
The uterus is located in the middle of the pelvic cavity. This muscular sac will house the fetus during pregnancy.Chapter 27: The reproductive system. Anatomy and physiology of the female reproductive system. (n.d.). The sacrum and coccyx attach to the two hip bones to form the pelvis, but are more important to the spinal column, where they are counted.
As a person ages, some bones fuse, a process which typically lasts until sometime within the third decade of life. Therefore, the number of bones in an individual may be evaluated differently throughout a lifetime. In addition, the bones of the skull and face are counted as separate bones, despite being fused naturally. Some reliable sesamoid bones such as the pisiform are counted, while others, such as the hallux sesamoids, are not. a b Smith, W. Stevenson; Simpson, William Kelly (1998). The Art and Architecture of Ancient Egypt. Penguin/Yale History of Art (3rded.). Yale University Press. pp.12–13, note 17. ISBN 0-300-07747-5. The digestive system breaks down food and assimilates nutrients into the body, which the body then uses for growth and cell repair. The torso also harbours many of the main groups of muscles in the tetrapod body, including the pectoral, abdominal, lateral and epaxial muscles.
Visible Body Suite
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Inferior part - originates from ribs 7-8 (sometimes 9 and 10). It inserts onto the anterior and posterior surfaces of the inferior angle of the scapula.
The somatic nervous system (SNS) and autonomic nervous system (ANS) are divisions of the peripheral nervous system, with information conveyed through the cranial and spinal nerves. Deriabin, V. E. (1987). "Age-related changes in human body proportions studied by the method of principal components". Nauchnye Doklady Vysshei Shkoly. Biologicheskie Nauki (1): 50–55. PMID 3828410.
Anterior trunk muscles
Images, from Anatomy & Physiology by OpenStax, are licensed under CC BY except where otherwise noted. The core is used to stabilize the thorax and the pelvis during dynamic movement and it also provides internal pressure to expel substances (vomit, feces, carbon-laden air, etc.). The subcostal muscles are strips of muscle located on the internal surface of the lower ribs, sharing a plane with the innermost intercostals. They extend from the internal surface of the lower ribs to the internal surface of a rib located 2-3 levels below. They support the intercostal spaces and thoracic cage, and depress the ribs during forced expiration. They receive innervation from the intercostal nerves. The next set of torso muscles are found in the intercostal spaces between the ribs. The intercostal muscles consist of a group of three layered muscles, from superficial to deep: external, internal and innermost intercostals.
Joints are the points at which two or more bones meet. They enable a range of movements like rotation, abduction, adduction, protraction, retraction and more. Based on flexibility and mobility, joints can be further classified into movable joints and immovable joints. Movable joints are flexible while immovable joints (also called fixed joints) are non-flexible since the bones are fused. Muscles If a fertilized egg implants in the fallopian tube, doctors call this an ectopic pregnancy. An ectopic pregnancy is a medical emergency because the fallopian tube can rupture. Hymen The blood vessels: There are numerous blood vessels in the lungs for carrying blood to and from the heart. The sacrum: The sacrum is the bottom part of the spine, which connects to the hip bones. The sacrum has five vertebrae fused together. Different types of diseases or conditions that affect the chest include pleurisy, flail chest, atelectasis, and the most common condition, chest pain. These conditions can be hereditary or caused by birth defects or trauma. Any condition that lowers the ability to either breathe deeply or to cough is considered a chest disease or condition.The zygote divides into many cells. As these cells become specialized, they lose their ability to differentiate into all tissues. At first they form the three primary germ layers. Following the cells of the ectodermal germ layer, they too become more restricted in what they can form. Ultimately, some of these ectodermal cells become further restricted and differentiate in to nerve cells. Also known as the womb, the uterus is a pear-shaped organ where the fetus grows. The cervix is the route to the vagina and gateway for sperm to enter. Vagina acts as the route for a penis to enter during intercourse and the exit of the fetus during delivery. Filtration of blood and eliminating unnecessary compounds and waste by producing and excreting urine.
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