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William N. Taylor, M.D. (16 January 2002). Anabolic Steroids and the Athlete, 2d ed. McFarland. pp.193–. ISBN 978-0-7864-1128-3. Archived from the original on 14 April 2021 . Retrieved 25 June 2017. a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn Kicman, A T (2008). "Pharmacology of anabolic steroids". British Journal of Pharmacology. 154 (3): 502–521. doi: 10.1038/bjp.2008.165. PMC 2439524. PMID 18500378.

Anabolic steroid - Wikipedia Anabolic steroid - Wikipedia

Mutzebaugh C (1998). "Does the choice of alpha-AAS really make a difference?". HIV Hotline. 8 (5–6): 10–1. PMID 11366379. a b Yamamoto Y, Moore R, Hess HA, Guo GL, Gonzalez FJ, Korach KS, Maronpot RR, Negishi M (2006). "Estrogen receptor alpha mediates 17alpha-ethynylestradiol causing hepatotoxicity". J Biol Chem. 281 (24): 16625–31. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M602723200. PMID 16606610. S2CID 83319949.Endogenous/natural AAS like testosterone and DHT and synthetic AAS mediate their effects by binding to and activating the AR. [72] On the basis of animal bioassays, the effects of these agents have been divided into two partially dissociable types: anabolic (myotrophic) and androgenic. [72] Dissociation between the ratios of these two types of effects relative to the ratio observed with testosterone is observed in rat bioassays with various AAS. [72] Theories for the dissociation include differences between AAS in terms of their intracellular metabolism, functional selectivity (differential recruitment of coactivators), and non-genomic mechanisms (i.e., signaling through non-AR membrane androgen receptors, or mARs). [72] Support for the latter two theories is limited and more hypothetical, but there is a good deal of support for the intracellular metabolism theory. [72] Depending on the length of drug use, there is a chance that the immune system can be damaged. Most of these side-effects are dose-dependent, the most common being elevated blood pressure, especially in those with pre-existing hypertension. [86] In addition to morphological changes of the heart which may have a permanent adverse effect on cardiovascular efficiency. Take the drugs for a period of time and then stop for a rest period before starting again. This is known as "cycling".

Anabolic Steroids: Uses, Side Effects, and Alternatives - Healthline Anabolic Steroids: Uses, Side Effects, and Alternatives -

Female-specific side effects include increases in body hair, permanent deepening of the voice, enlarged clitoris, and temporary decreases in menstrual cycles. Alteration of fertility and ovarian cysts can also occur in females. [106] When taken during pregnancy, AAS can affect fetal development by causing the development of male features in the female fetus and female features in the male fetus. [107] Kidney problems [ edit ]John A. Thomas (6 December 2012). Drugs, Athletes, and Physical Performance. Springer Science & Business Media. pp.20–. ISBN 978-1-4684-5499-4. Archived from the original on 14 April 2021 . Retrieved 13 September 2020. The capacity to be metabolized by 5α-reductase and the AR activity of the resultant metabolites appears to be one of the major, if not the most important determinant of the androgenic–myotrophic ratio for a given AAS. [72] AAS that are not potentiated by 5α-reductase or that are weakened by 5α-reductase in androgenic tissues have a reduced risk of androgenic side effects such as acne, androgenic alopecia (male-pattern baldness), hirsutism (excessive male-pattern hair growth), benign prostatic hyperplasia (prostate enlargement), and prostate cancer, while incidence and magnitude of other effects such as muscle hypertrophy, bone changes, [167] voice deepening, and changes in sex drive show no difference. [72] [168] Aromatase and estrogenicity [ edit ] Although anabolic steroid was originally intended to specifically describe testosterone-derived steroids with a marked dissociation of anabolic and androgenic effect, it is applied today indiscriminately to all steroids with AR agonism-based anabolic effects regardless of their androgenic potency, including even non-synthetic steroids like testosterone. [67] [72] [200] While many anabolic steroids have diminished androgenic potency in comparison to anabolic potency, there is no anabolic steroid that is exclusively anabolic, and hence all anabolic steroids retain at least some degree of androgenicity. [67] [72] [200] (Likewise, all "androgens" are inherently anabolic.) [67] [72] [200] Indeed, it is probably not possible to fully dissociate anabolic effects from androgenic effects, as both types of effects are mediated by the same signaling receptor, the AR. [72] As such, the distinction between the terms anabolic steroid and androgen is questionable, and this is the basis for the revised and more recent term anabolic–androgenic steroid ( AAS). [67] [72] [200] Legal status [ edit ] Various compounds with anabolic and androgenic effects, their relation with AAS

Anabolic steroid misuse - NHS Anabolic steroid misuse - NHS

AAS use can cause harmful changes in cholesterol levels: Some steroids cause an increase in LDL cholesterol and a decrease in HDL cholesterol. [99] Growth defects [ edit ]Even though they can still be prescribed by a medical doctor in the U.S, the use of anabolic steroids for injury recovery purposes has been a taboo subject, even amongst the majority of sports medicine doctors and endocrinologists. Oxandrolone improves both short-term and long-term outcomes in people recovering from severe burns, and is well-established as a safe treatment for this indication. [24] [25] Snyder, P J (1984). "Clinical Use of Androgens". Annual Review of Medicine. 35 (1): 207–217. doi: 10.1146/annurev.me.35.020184.001231. ISSN 0066-4219. PMID 6372655. Baum NH, Crespi CA (2007). "Testosterone replacement in elderly men". Geriatrics. 62 (9): 14–8. PMID 17824721. Regularly taking anabolic steroids can lead to physical and psychological changes in both men and women, as well as potentially dangerous medical conditions. Physical effects

Performance-enhancing drugs: Know the risks - Mayo Clinic Performance-enhancing drugs: Know the risks - Mayo Clinic

Cardiovascular: dyslipidemia (e.g., increased LDL Tooltip low-density lipoprotein levels, decreased HDL Tooltip high-density lipoprotein levels, reduced apo-A1 Tooltip apolipoprotein A1 levels), atherosclerosis, hypertension, left ventricular hypertrophy, cardiomyopathy, myocardial hypertrophy, polycythemia/ erythrocytosis, arrhythmias, thrombosis (e.g., embolism, stroke), myocardial infarction, sudden death. [82] [83] a b c d Mangus BC, Miller MG (11 January 2005). Pharmacology Application in Athletic Training. F.A. Davis. pp.151–. ISBN 978-0-8036-2027-8. Archived from the original on 14 April 2021 . Retrieved 25 June 2017. Francis RM (2001). "Androgen replacement in aging men". Calcif. Tissue Int. 69 (4): 235–8. doi: 10.1007/s00223-001-1051-9. PMID 11730258. S2CID 24170276. Anabolic steroids can be used as performance-enhancing drugs that increase muscle mass and decrease fat, as well as causing many undesirable effects. Some people take them regularly to improve their physical performance and build up their bodies.

Perry MC, Doll DC, Freter CE (30 July 2012). Perry's The Chemotherapy Source Book. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp.409–. ISBN 978-1-4698-0343-2. Archived from the original on 14 April 2021 . Retrieved 25 June 2017. Berger JR, Pall L, Hall CD, Simpson DM, Berry PS, Dudley R (1996). "Oxandrolone in AIDS-wasting myopathy". AIDS. 10 (14): 1657–62. doi: 10.1097/00002030-199612000-00010. PMID 8970686. S2CID 9832782. Kenny AM, Prestwood KM, Gruman CA, Marcello KM, Raisz LG (2001). "Effects of transdermal testosterone on bone and muscle in older men with low bioavailable testosterone levels". J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 56 (5): M266–72. doi: 10.1093/gerona/56.5.M266. PMID 11320105. Hildebrandt T, et al. (2014). The influence of age of onset and acute anabolic steroid exposure on cognitive performance, impulsivity, and aggression in men. Melmed S, et al. (2012). Williams textbook of endocrinology (12th edition). Philadelphia, PA: Saunders.