Teacher effectiveness training differentiates between teacher-owned and student-owned problems, and proposes different strategies for dealing with each. Students are taught problem-solving and negotiation techniques. Researchers (e.g., Emmer and Aussiker) find that teachers like the programme and that their behaviour is influenced by it, but effects on student behaviour remain unclear. [7] a b Okonofua, Jason A. and Jennifer L. Eberhardt. "Two Strikes: Race and the Disciplining of Young Students". Psychological Science. 26 (May 2015). (5): 617–624. https://www.jstor.org/stable/24544011 In Germany, detention is less common. In some states like Baden-Württemberg there is detention to rework missed school hours, but in others like Rheinland-Pfalz it is prohibited by law. In schools where some classes are held on Saturdays, pupils may get detention on a Saturday even if it is a non-school day for them. a b c Lavy, Victor and Edith Sand. "On The Origins of Gender Human Capital Gaps: Short and Long Term Consequences of Teachers' Stereotypical Biases." Journal of Public Economics, (January 2015). https://www.nber.org/papers/w20909

The six-week call for evidence will inform our review, planned later this year, of guidance on behaviour, discipline, suspensions and permanent exclusions which will include a public consultation. Detention, sometimes referred to as DT, is one of the most common punishments in schools in the United States, the United Kingdom, Ireland, Singapore, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, and some other countries. It requires the pupil to report to a designated room (typically after the end of the school day, or during lunch or recess period) to complete extra work (such as writing lines or an essay, or the completion of chores). Detention can be supervised by the teacher setting the detention or through a centralised detention system. [53] Detention may require a pupil to report at a certain time on a non-school day, e.g. "Saturday detention" at some US, UK, and Irish schools (especially for serious offences not quite serious enough for suspension). [54] Yet many criticized corporal punishment for its ineffectiveness. Education reformer Horace Mann called it "a relic of barbarism" and argued that students should learn how to monitor their own behaviors. Brenda. "School Suspensions Lead to Stark Losses in Instructional Time." www.nea.org, November 19, 2020. https://www.nea.org/advocating-for-change/new-from-nea/school-suspensions-lead-stark-losses-instructional-time.Albert Shanker, the president of the American Federation of Teachers (AFT), wrote in support of zero tolerance laws, saying education reform would be impossible without them. "The truth of the matter is that none of these changes will achieve what we want unless schools are safe and ordely places where teachers can teach and students can learn," he wrote.

Rocque, Michael; Paternoster, Raymond (2011). "Understanding the antecedents of the 'school-to-jail' link: The relationship between race and school discipline". The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology. 101 (2): 633–665. JSTOR 23074048. Burger, C., Strohmeier, D., Kollerová, L. (2022). "Teachers can make a difference in bullying: Effects of teacher interventions on students' adoption of bully, victim, bully-victim or defender roles across time". Journal of Youth and Adolescence. 51 (12): 2312–2327. doi: 10.1007/s10964-022-01674-6. ISSN 0047-2891. PMC 9596519. PMID 36053439. S2CID 252009527.After World War II, teachers began to unionize. "Teachers wanted discipline to be put in their contracts to be very clear what they were responsible for," Kafka said.

Glasser, William (May 15, 2001). Counseling With Choice Theory: The New Reality Therapy. HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-095366-9. Ahmad, Farah Z. and Tiffany Miller. "The High Cost of Truancy." Center for American Progress, (August 2015). Schools may sanction pupils if their online behaviour is threatening or causes harm to another pupil. They may also sanction a pupil if their behaviour online impacts the school environment. Use of reasonable force Discipline is typically thought to have a positive influence on both the individual as well as the classroom environment. Utilizing disciplinary actions can be an opportunity for the class to reflect and learn about consequences, instill collective values, and encourage behavior that is acceptable for the classroom. Recognition of the diversity of values within communities can increase understanding and tolerance of different disciplinary techniques. [3] In particular, moderate interventions such as encouraging positive corrections of questionable behavior inside the classroom by clearly showing the boundaries and making it clear that the behavior is unacceptable, as opposed to more severe punishments outside the classroom such as detention, suspension, or expulsion, can promote learning and deter future misbehavior. [4] [5] Learning to "own" one's bad behavior is also thought to contribute to positive growth in social emotional learning. [6] Theory [ edit ] Discipline Policy and Procedures" (PDF). Delran Township School District, New Jersey. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 24, 2012 . Retrieved January 25, 2009.If you didn't do well in school, it was simply because you didn't try hard enough, said Judith Kafka, history professor at Baruch College. We recognise the challenges schools and pupils have faced during the pandemic. But we must continue to focus on excellence in education and be able to have a thoughtful debate about the best ways to allow pupils to thrive and teachers to excel. Expulsion, dismissal, exclusion, withdrawing, or permanent exclusion terminates the student's education. This is the last resort, when all other methods of discipline have failed. However, in extreme situations, it may also be used for a single offense, such as setting fires on campus, the activation of false alarms, or assault and battery against faculty and staff members, or school administrators. [64] Some education authorities have a nominated school in which all excluded students are collected; this typically has a much higher staffing level than mainstream schools. In some US public schools, expulsions are so serious that they require an appearance before the Board of Education or the court system. In the UK, head teachers may make the decision to exclude, but the student's parents have the right of appeal to the local education authority. It was completely banned for compulsory schools in China. This has proved controversial in cases where the head teacher's decision has been overturned (and his or her authority thereby undermined), and there are proposals to abolish the right of appeal. In the United States, when it comes to student discipline, there is a marked difference in procedure between public and private institutions.